Mengelola Risiko Strategis Bisnis Hotel
Mengelola risiko strategis bisnis hotel merupakan tanggung jawab fundamental General Manager (GM) sebagai pimpinan puncak yang bertugas melindungi organisasi dari ketidakpastian dan potensi kerugian jangka panjang. Risiko strategis mencakup ancaman yang dapat memengaruhi arah, keberlangsungan, dan nilai hotel, seperti perubahan pasar, persaingan global, krisis ekonomi, regulasi, serta risiko reputasi. Literatur manajemen strategis menegaskan bahwa pimpinan puncak memegang peran sentral dalam mengidentifikasi, menilai, dan mengendalikan risiko strategis melalui pilihan strategi dan tata kelola yang tepat (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2020).
Dalam industri perhotelan, GM bertanggung jawab membangun kerangka enterprise risk management (ERM) yang terintegrasi dengan strategi bisnis hotel. Kerangka ini mencakup proses identifikasi risiko, analisis dampak dan probabilitas, penetapan toleransi risiko, serta penentuan langkah mitigasi. Penelitian oleh Assaf dan Tsionas (2022) menunjukkan bahwa hotel yang memiliki kapabilitas manajerial kuat di tingkat pimpinan puncak cenderung lebih efisien dan stabil karena mampu mengantisipasi risiko strategis sejak dini. Hal ini menegaskan bahwa pengelolaan risiko strategis bukan sekadar fungsi teknis, melainkan bagian inti dari kepemimpinan GM.
Risiko strategis dalam hotel juga berkaitan erat dengan reputasi dan kepercayaan pasar. Kegagalan layanan, pelanggaran etika, atau respons krisis yang tidak tepat dapat berdampak luas terhadap citra merek dan nilai aset. Guillet dan Kim (2023) menegaskan bahwa kepemimpinan puncak yang proaktif dalam pengelolaan risiko reputasi mampu melindungi posisi pasar hotel dan mempercepat pemulihan pascakrisis. Oleh karena itu, GM bertanggung jawab memastikan mekanisme pemantauan risiko reputasi dan komunikasi krisis berjalan efektif.
Selain itu, GM harus mengelola risiko strategis yang muncul dari perubahan lingkungan eksternal, seperti disrupsi teknologi, perubahan preferensi tamu, dan tuntutan keberlanjutan. Riset Prayag et al. (2023) menunjukkan bahwa organisasi pariwisata dengan kepemimpinan adaptif memiliki resiliensi lebih tinggi dalam menghadapi ketidakpastian. Dalam konteks ini, GM dituntut mampu menyeimbangkan pengambilan risiko strategis untuk pertumbuhan dengan perlindungan terhadap stabilitas organisasi.
Dari perspektif tata kelola, OECD (2015; 2023) menekankan bahwa pimpinan eksekutif tertinggi bertanggung jawab memastikan risiko utama organisasi diidentifikasi dan dikelola secara transparan. Pengabaian risiko strategis dapat mengancam keberlanjutan usaha dan merugikan kepentingan owner serta pemangku kepentingan lainnya. Dengan demikian, mengelola risiko strategis bisnis hotel merupakan fungsi kepemimpinan GM yang menentukan kemampuan organisasi bertahan, beradaptasi, dan menciptakan nilai jangka panjang dalam industri perhotelan yang dinamis.
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Managing Strategic Risks in the Hotel Business
Managing strategic risks in the hotel business is a fundamental responsibility of the General Manager (GM) as the highest executive leader responsible for protecting the organization from uncertainty and potential long-term losses. Strategic risks encompass threats that may affect the hotel’s direction, sustainability, and value, including market changes, global competition, economic crises, regulatory developments, and reputational risks. Strategic management literature emphasizes that top executives play a central role in identifying, assessing, and controlling strategic risks through appropriate strategic choices and governance mechanisms (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2020).
In the hospitality industry, the GM is responsible for establishing an integrated Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework that aligns with the hotel’s business strategy. This framework includes risk identification, impact and probability assessment, determination of risk tolerance levels, and the development of mitigation strategies. Research by Assaf and Tsionas (2022) indicates that hotels with strong managerial capabilities at the executive level tend to achieve greater efficiency and stability because they are able to anticipate strategic risks at an early stage. This finding highlights that strategic risk management is not merely a technical function but a core component of effective GM leadership.
Strategic risks in hotels are also closely associated with reputation and market trust. Service failures, ethical violations, or inappropriate crisis responses can significantly damage brand image and asset value. Guillet and Kim (2023) argue that proactive executive leadership in reputation risk management can protect a hotel’s market position and accelerate post-crisis recovery. Therefore, the GM is responsible for ensuring that reputation risk monitoring systems and crisis communication mechanisms operate effectively.
Furthermore, the GM must manage strategic risks arising from changes in the external environment, such as technological disruption, evolving guest preferences, and increasing sustainability expectations. Research by Prayag et al. (2023) demonstrates that tourism organizations with adaptive leadership exhibit greater resilience in dealing with uncertainty. In this context, the GM is expected to balance strategic risk-taking for growth opportunities with the need to safeguard organizational stability.
From a governance perspective, the OECD (2015; 2023) emphasizes that the highest executive leadership is responsible for ensuring that key organizational risks are identified and managed transparently. Failure to address strategic risks can threaten business sustainability and adversely affect the interests of owners and other stakeholders. Therefore, managing strategic risks in the hotel business is a critical leadership function of the GM that determines the organization’s ability to survive, adapt, and create long-term value within the dynamic hospitality industry.










